Attribution Theory

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 Attribution Theory:

    Attribution theory, pioneered by Fritz Heider, posits that people strive to understand the causes of events and behaviors, both their own and those of others.   

    These explanations, or attributions, can be internal (e.g., personality, ability) or external (e.g., situation,  environment). Attribution  theory  helps  us  understand  how  people  interpret  social situations and make judgments about others.   

Attribution Biases:

Attribution biases are systematic errors or distortions in the attribution process.   Fundamental   Attribution   Error:   Overemphasizing   internal   factors   (dispositional)   and underemphasizing external factors (situational) when explaining others’ behavior.   

Self-Serving Bias:  Attributing personal successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.   

Actor-Observer Bias: Attributing one’s own actions to situational factors and others’ actions to their dispositions.  

Cross-Cultural Differences in Attribution:Individualistic cultures:

Tend to emphasize personal agency and internal attributions, leading to a greater tendency towards the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.   

Collectivistic cultures: 

Focus more on group harmony and external factors, leading to a greater tendency to consider situational factors and less emphasis on internal attributions.  

References

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley.

Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 173–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60357-3

Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 961–978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.961

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224

Momna Bashir 

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